Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. General physics 2 geometric optics 16 sign conventions focal length positive for converging lenses negative for diverging lenses object distance positive if the object is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming this is usually the case otherwise, it is negative virtual object. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic. With maxwells theory, the student is introduced to the wave nature of. The wave fronts are spherical, and the direction of motion of the wave is perpendicular to the wave front, as depicted in figure. Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics. This mirror is a portion of a sphere of radius r whose center is at c. These are but a few of the questions that are answered by the study of optics. Of course, every real system experiences diffraction effects, so geometric. Free solved physics problems on wave and ray optics. Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Since the invention of the laser, there has been extensive growth, and prolific research and development in optics. Geometrical optics explained in a understandable way.
A summary of geometrical optics in s geometric optics. This manual, along with the others in the electromechanical technology series, is the result of six years of research and development by terc, a national nonprofit, public service corporation with headquarters in cambridge, massachusetts. Geometrical optics please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going a3a4 and using back to. Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation of sight in us. Ap physics geometric optics well start off our exploration of optics with the topic of mirrors. There are two types of optics in physics, geometric optics, and physical optics. Optics questions with solutions and explanations at the bottom of the page. Physics optics problems science and mathematics education research group supported by ubc teaching and learning enhancement fund 20122015 faculty of education department of curriculum and pedagogy f a c u l t y o f e d u c a t i o n. These lessons have been designed to be used as a teaching tool, either as individual lessons or as a series, or they can be used as a revision. Geometrical optics mirror and lenses outline reflection plane mirrors concaveconvex mirrors refraction lenses dispersion. Frankl your own mind is a sacred enclosure into which nothing harmful can enter except by your promotion. This book provides an introduction to the field of optics from a physics perspective. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i.
When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is. Some of the topics will be covered in this unit are. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Thin lenses when the size of the physical and optical objects of a system are much larger than the wavelength of the light or as. However, if the objects in question are much larger than the wavelength of the light being studied, then the light exhibits much simpler behavior. In particular, optics is concerned with the generation and propagation of light and its interaction with matter. General physics 2 geometric optics 16 sign conventions focal length positive for converging lenses negative for diverging lenses object distance positive if the object is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming this is usually the case. Optical bench with screen at one end and raybox bracket at the other end.
Spatial filtering designing a doublet with an optical design software project. Based on rectilinear propagation of light valid only if. Geometrical optics is an interesting subject full of wonderful applications, a subject that can appear anywhere in an introductory physics course. New era online coaching iit jeejee mainneet 31,411 views. Optics, in a simple manner, is used to describe the behaviour of visible light, infrared light, and the ultraviolet. That is, the normal is along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to the point of incidence.
Geometrical optics is based on two laws of physics. Optics is the branch of physics concerned with the study of light, its production, propagation, measurement, and properties. A guide for students at johns hopkins engineering optics is playing an increasingly important role in science and engineering today. Geometric optics introduction optics is the study of the way light interacts with other objects. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of geometric optics and what it means. Geometrical optics is the treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms, etc. The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays constitutes a beam of light.
Pedrotti cord waco, texas in module, basic geometrical optics, we made use of light rays to demonstrate reflection and refraction of light and the imaging of light with mirrors and lenses. You know how to treat projectiles, billiard balls, etc. This lab consists of many short optics experiments. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic waves. So far in physics 120 you have been learning to model nature based onparticles. Because the lenstoretina distance does not change, the image distance d i must be the same for objects at all distances. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. However, in this unit we will learn the particle characteristics of the light. This is because we observe the processes emission, reflection, scattering at a distance 10cms with bare eyes that are much longer than the wavelength of light 107. Physics jee study materialof different study circles are available in pdf format.
We can put together systems of lenses, mirrors, prisms, polarizers, filters, beam splitters, and all the other optical. Optical elements sim classic mirrors lenses ray tracing diagram prisms filters science beamsplitters compressors guide 1 expanders detectors guide 2 delay lines 1. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. Geometric and physical optics hyperphysics concepts.
Ray optics and optical instruments 311 this case is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface at the point of incidence. Pedrotti cord waco, texas optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Unified physics optics electromechanical technology. Download cengage optics and modern physics book in pdf. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Optical systems in which the wave nature of light must be taken into account interference, diffraction are called physical optics. The questions are about reflection, refraction, critical angle, lenses, reflectors, light rays propagating through different mediums, refractive index of. Geometrical optics optics physics experiments physics. In this module, you will learn about one of the two main divisions of basic opticsgeometrical ray optics. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. But when light waves pass around small objects, such as a 100diameter human hair, or through small openings, such as a 50 pinhole, ray optics cannot account for the light patterns produced on a screen beyond these objects. Only wave optics leads to the correct interpretation of such patterns. A concave lens is flat in the middle and thicker at the edges.
Optics optic is one of the branch of physics which deals with the light and properties of it. The eye manages this by varying the power and focal length of the lens to accommodate for objects at various. Lenses in optics applications types of lenses physics. Your first thought is probably, what do we care about mirrors on airplanes for. Very useful for calculusbased and algebrabased college physics and ap high school physics. Optics is an exciting area of study, but as with most areas of physics it requires a variety of mathematical tools to be fully appreciated. The type of mirror you are most familiar with is called a plane mirror. R is the radius of curvature and is the distance c from the mirror. We know that light shows both the particle and wave characteristics. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book.
A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified. Propagation, interference and diffraction of waves. These questions may be used to practice for the sat physics test. Pdf optics physics pdf optics physics pdf optics physics download. Nature of light, geometrical optics, optical instrumentation, dispersion, prisms, and aberrations, wave equations, em waves, polarization, fresnel equations, production of polarized light, superposition of waves interference of light, coherence, fraunhofer diffraction, fourier optics, characteristics. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. Visit examrace for more files and information on sampleobjectivequestions. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual.
Optics is a branch of physics that deals with the determination of behaviour and the properties of light, along with its interactions with the matter and also with the instruments which are used to detect it. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. Types of lenses and mirrors consider reection from a concave spherical mirror, as shown in figure 2. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as xrays, microwaves. Continuing the a level physics revision series with geometric optics. We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole while.
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use. Convex lens converging concave lens diverging convex lenses are thick in the middle and thinner at the edges. Official, free, no login, fast pdf download glide to success with doorsteptutor material for neet. Wave optics propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets. Optics lecture 2016 university of oxford department of physics. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images. Geometrical optics in describing the propagation of light as a wave we need to understand. The classification of a lens depends on how the light rays bend when they pass through the lens. Light is an electromagnetic disturbance, and as such is described using maxwells equations, which expresses the relationship between the electric.
In this module, we shift the emphasis from light rays to light wavesfrom geometrical optics to physical optics. A ray is a line that has an origin, but does not have an end. Chapter notes geometrical optics, class 12, physics iit. Pdf optics physics for our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light is entirely adequate. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave. Show that when light reflects from two mirrors that meet each other at a right angle, the outgoing ray is parallel to the incoming ray, as illustrated in the following figure. Rapid development of optoelectronic devices and laser techniques poses an important task of creating and studying, from one side, the structures capable of effectively converting, modulating, and recording optical data in a wide range of radiation energy densities and frequencies, from another side, the new schemes and approaches capable to activate and simulate the modern. You have even taken those particles and allowed them to oscillate shm. As noted, the image must fall precisely on the retina to produce clear visionthat is, the image distance d i must equal the lenstoretina distance. The last chapter, chapter 10, is a brief outline of ray optics and is intended to introduce the student to the matrix method for. Optics the branch of physics consisting properties of light. It covers, rather, the geometric optics of firstyear students, whom it will. To present some of the classical tools used in the solution of integrals and differential equations that appear typically in physics and optics. Geometrical optics a light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three.